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Robustly defined benchmark credit spread supplements for SOFR which enhance the efficiency, transparency, and stability of U.S. financial markets.

Introducing Across-the-Curve Credit Spread Indices (AXI)®

Robustly defined credit spreads that can be used in conjunction with SOFR to form a credit sensitive interest rate in loans and derivatives. 

AXI Capabilities
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  • TREASURY
  • FINANCE
  • COMPLIANCE
  • SALES
  • MARKETING
  • OPERATIONS
  • TRADING
  • TECHNOLOGY
  • LEGAL
  • INTERNAL AUDIT
  • COMMUNICATIONS
  • MARKET RISK
  • ACCOUNTING
Asset 1

AXI capabilities for…

Transformational Change. Transforming Leaders.

About AXI
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Forward-looking benchmark credit-sensitive spread indices, developed and administered to align with IOSCO’s Principles for Financial Benchmarks, to be used in addition to SOFR

Forward-looking benchmark credit-sensitive spread indices, developed and administered to align with IOSCO’s Principles for Financial Benchmarks, to be used in addition to SOFR

Captures bank funding across the yield curve

The benchmark spreads are computed from a sufficiently large pool of market transactions so that it can underlie commercial lending applications as well as actively traded derivatives instruments used by banks and their borrowing customers to hedge their floating-rate exposures, without significant risk of statistical corruption or manipulation. Expert judgement is not used nor are executable quotes. Adopting an across-the-curve methodology ensures that the maximum number of transactions are captured within the index. USD-AXI is not limited to the short-term unsecured markets that once underpinned LIBOR. USD-FXI is even more robust.

Always reflects banks’ true costs of funds

Since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, banks no longer fund themselves at LIBOR and have shifted their funding further out the yield curve. USD-AXI is highly correlated with banks’ funding costs because it captures this deeper pool of funding transactions. The index is a weighted average of credit spreads for U.S. bank unsecured debt instruments with maturities ranging from overnight to five years, using weights that reflect both transactions volumes and issuance volumes. The input data is obtained only from publicly available sources.

Automatically adapts to changes in bank funding composition

USD-AXI and USD-FXI reference rates were designed to maintain their hedge effectiveness and robustness over time and can be reliably computed in all economic conditions, including in times of market stress. The indices automatically adapt to future changes in bank funding composition ensuring their representativeness and robustness are sustained through time. The spreads work in conjunction with SOFR. If a loan references USD-AXI or USD-FXI, it will also reference SOFR, so the development of a USD-AXI and or USD-FXI market does not imply less usage of SOFR, and the credit spreads can develop without diverting any liquidity from SOFR (Tuckman, 2023).

Detailed documentation is available and underlying metrics are published each day

Detailed methodology documentation is available and underlying statistical metrics are published by the AXI & FXI authorized benchmark administrator each business day. Index history is available from 2016 and links have been published so that market participants can obtain samples of input files. Consistent with the direction contained within the FSOC’s 2023 Annual Report, market participants have sufficient information to perform an evaluation of USD-AXI and or USD-FXI prior to referencing these spreads in financial instruments.

Why reference AXI?
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Referencing AXI or FXI in SOFR-based loans can be useful for borrowers and lenders

  • For lenders it helps mitigate mismatches between their assets and liabilities

    Research shows that under a SOFR-only regime, in times of market stress, it is likely that bank credit lines will be maxed out, creating a potential threat to financial stability. Heavy simultaneous drawdowns by borrowers may deplete bank capital, reducing capacity for new term loan origination and drying up liquidity in financial markets. The absence of a credit-sensitive element in the reference rate removes the disincentive for borrowers to draw down (Marshall, et al, 2019).

  • For borrowers, it can reduce their average overall cost of funding

    A bank may offer better terms on revolving lines of credit by linking the drawn rate on its lines to the sum of SOFR and USD-AXI (or USD-FXI). Doing so lowers the expected net cost to the bank should its lines be heavily tapped in some future market stress event when wholesale bank funding spreads are elevated. It also lowers the overall (average) expected cost of funds for the borrower (Cooperman, Duffie, Luck, Wang & Yang, 2023).

  • For policymakers, AXI and FXI provide important market transparency.

    The existence of benchmarks have been shown to improve market transparency, lowering the informational asymmetry between dealers and their customers regarding the true cost to dealers of providing the underlying asset. This suggested a possible public-welfare role for regulators regarding which markets should have a benchmark, and also in support of the robustness of benchmarks to manipulation (Duffie, Dworczak & Zhu, 2014).

Conclusion of IBM Promontory's 2024 IOSCO review:

  • Design-Image_SOFR-Academy-1

    Principle 6 (Benchmark Design): Fully Implemented

    In IBM Promontory‘s opinion, AXI and FXI fully implemented Principle 6 of IOSCO’s Principles for Financial Benchmarks. AXI is designed to measure the aggregate recent average cost of wholesale unsecured debt funding for U.S. bank holding companies and their U.S. banking subsidiaries. The unscaled AXI credit spread is then calculated as a weighted average of the transaction notional volumes and maturities of such instruments.

  • Design-Image_SOFR-Academy

    Principle 7 (Data Sufficiency): Fully Implemented

    AXI and FXI fully implemented Principle 7 of IOSCO’s Principles for Financial Benchmarks. AXI and FXI short-term and long-term spreads are fully based on observable, bona fide, arms-length transactions. Indicative bids/offers, executable bids/offers or estimates of any type are not used in constructing AXI/FXI spreads. IBM Promontory’s full report is available here

  • Custom-Solutions

    Principle 9 (Transparency of Benchmark Determinations): Fully Implemented

    Based on the limited assurance review performed previously, and Promontory’s conclusion that SOFR
    Academy and the Administrator appear to have reasonably addressed the recommendations in the Report,
    IOSCO Principles 6, 7, and 9 appear to be fully implemented for AXI and FXI. IBM Promontory’s full report is available here

1

Is AXI an “all-in” standalone benchmark index to replace LIBOR?

No. AXI is a spread which is added to SOFR. AXI is not a proxy for any interest rate. AXI can be used in conjunction with overnight SOFR (published by the NY Fed), CME Term SOFR, or other SOFR variants to form a credit-sensitive interest rate benchmark for loans, derivatives, and other products.

2

Are AXI & FXI aligned with IOSCO’s Principles for Financial Benchmarks?

In 2024, IBM Promontory performed a review of certain IOSCO Principles for Financial Benchmarks concluding that Principles 6, 7, and 9 are fully implemented for USD-AXI and USD-FXI. The full report is available here

3

Will the development of an AXI and FXI market adversely impact SOFR liquidity?

No. Whenever a loan is indexed to a AXI, it would also reference SOFR. So, use of a credit spread index does not imply less frequent reference to SOFR.

4

If I have a question about AXI or FXI, how can I get an answer?

Please submit your question through the contact form at the bottom of this website.

Training

Speak with an expert

Contact us

Online Learning Courses.

Fundamentals-of-benchmarks-and-the-LIBOR-transition

Fundamentals of LIBOR
transition and the Secured Overnight Financing Rate

Module 1 | Course Details Take This Course
Building-and-implementing-an-effective-LIBOR-transition-program

Conduct Risk Management: Treating Customers fairly through LIBOR transition

Module 2 | Course Details Pre-Register
Essentials-of-contract-language-and-Fallback-provisions

Quantitative Introduction to SOFR – Cash Flows and Risk Management

Module 3 | Course Details Take This Course
Risk-Management-Considerations-for-LIBOR-transition

Essentials of contract
language and Fallback
provisions

Module 4 Pre-Register
Accounting-and-Tax-considerations-for-LIBOR-transition

Preparing for a LIBOR transition Regulatory examination and review

Module 5 Pre-Register
Operational-and-technology-readiness-for-LIBOR-transition

System and infrastructure enhancements for LIBOR transition

Module 6 Pre-Register
Conduct-risk-management-considerations-for-LIBOR-transition

Understanding and applying the U.S. Federal LIBOR transition legislation

Module 7 Pre-Register
International-developments-and-considerations-for-Benchmark-Reform

Understanding and Applying Across-the-Curve Credit Spread Indices (AXI)

Module 8 | Course Details Pre-Register
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The Genesis of AXI & FXI

Letter from U.S. Regional banks

“Specifically, borrowers may find the availability of low cost credit in the form of SOFR-linked credit lines committed prior to the market stress very attractive and borrowers may draw-down those lines to ‘hoard’ liquidity. The natural consequence of these forces will either be a reduction in the willingness of lenders to provide credit in a SOFR-only environment, particularly during periods of economic stress, and/or an increase in credit pricing through the cycle. In a SOFR-only environment, lenders may reduce lending even in a stable economic environment, because of the inherent uncertainty regarding how to appropriately price lines of credit committed in stable times that might be drawn during times of economic stress,” (Marshall, 2019).

Our Mission & Values

“We believe a sensible and practical way to address these risks is to create a SOFR-based lending framework that includes a credit risk premium. That framework could consist of a dynamic spread that reflects changes in banks’ cost of funds over forward-looking term periods and is added on a periodic basis to SOFR-based rates. With more closely aligned borrowing and lending rates, banks will be more willing and able to extend credit during both good times and bad” (Marshall, 2019).

Recent research uses data from the Federal Reserve’s FR2052a report and Y14Q data collection to show that the inclusion of a credit sensitive element in the base rate of revolving lines of credit, which is the primary form of lending in the U.S., supports the provision of credit by banks and therefore financial stability, whilst also lowering the expected average cost of financing for American borrowers (Cooperman, Duffie, Luck, Wang, & Yang, 2024).

Associations

Our Mission.

To enhance the efficiency, transparency, and stability of financial markets.

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Our Values.

  • High professional standards

    We are committed to honesty, transparency, and ethical behavior.

  • Positive societal impact

    We design, build, and deploy enduring products grounded in robust academic research that have a societal benefit.

  • Innovation and excellence

    We strive to be at the forefront of financial innovation, continuously seeking new ways to improve and excel.

AXI & FXI implementation support

LIBOR transition Program Plan Quality Assurance and best practice assessment

Benchmark due diligence

AXI/FXI internal evaluation and ‘fit-for purpose’ assessment
Production of customized client branded Thought Leadership publications

Thought Leadership

Production of customized client branded Thought Leadership publications
Identification and inventory of LIBOR based exposures and impacted systems

Systems and operations

Identification and inventory impacted systems (including market risk metrics)
Production of client communications and external risk disclosures

Client Communications

Production of client communications and external risk disclosures
Ongoing access to SOFR Academy knowledge, experience and expertise

SME Support

Ongoing access to SOFR Academy knowledge, experience and expertise
Identification of key transitional risks and mitigating controls

Risk Identification

Identification of implementation risks and mitigating controls
Production of Management Information (MI) and transitional metrics

Training

Internal and external training and education on AXI & FXI
Assessment of Contractual Management Impact and Remediation Design Plan

Contract Management

Contractual implementation assistance
Asset 1

A credit sensitive supplement for SOFR can be useful for a range of market participants

Want to learn more about how AXI and FXI can help your organization?

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